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Dsm V: a disaster for American psychiatry


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Dsm V: a disaster for American psychiatry

The catastrophic terror, evoked all the time, seems to be the sticking point of the collective psychology in the United States. And there are people who earn inventing diseases

 

Domenico Fargnoli
giovedì 17 gennaio 2013 13:01

Allen J. Frances, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the Duke University and coordinator of the team of experts that in 1994 created the DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), regarding the soon to be published new version, the 5th, talked about “a disaster”. With respect to its etymology, the term “disaster” (dis-aster) refers to a calamity, as it could have been the end of the world proposed by the Maya, caused by negative astral influence. The DSM manual, now considered in its various editions a true Bible for psychiatry, has been conceived and written by real people, with real names: on those real people must fall the enormous responsibility for the incalculable damages that the practical applications of DSM criteria – completely devoid of any scientific basis – could cause to the mental health of millions or even billions of people. To exorcize or cancel the sense of guilt about the possible iatrogenic damage, I think that it’s not enough to simply exchange a human event with a natural event, just as schizophrenic patients use to do; or to lose the research of the real causes by referring to horoscopes, destiny and alignment of planets. As the use of particular terms reveals, a catastrophic sense has silently and unnoticeably entered, just like the Trojan Horse, the secret citadels of the powerful lobbies of the A.P.A., pointing out a dangerous flaw in their ideological pseudo-truths. The subject is very present. Freus’d “death” has left, in America, a heavy heritage that negatively influenced psychiatry. Catastrophic fantasies and daydreaming form part of the connective tissue of North American imagination: from the famous 1938 radio show in which Orson Welles announced the war of the worlds and the Earth attacked by Martians, causing a wave of uncontrolled and general panic; to cinema productions like “The Invasion of the Body Snatchers” (Don Siegel, 1956), or like more recent ones: “The Day After Tomorrow” (Roland Emmerich, 2004), “2012” (Roland Emmerich, 2009), the catastrophic terror, perennially evoked and exorcised, seems to be the sensible, aching spot of collective American psychology. Surely Osama Bin Laden had well understood this aspect, when planning the attack to the Twin Towers: a scene that, seen on television, seemed to be taken from a Sci-Fi movie. Sometimes nightmares, or what psychiatrists could define as “socially shared deliriums” are transformed by someone in reality with an enormous amplification of the terrifying effect.

In May 2013 the new edition, revised and corrected, of the DSM, the famous Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders will be published: even without referring to astrology, it’s been anticipated that for American psychiatry it will represent a true announced catastrophe. According to Allen J. Frances, the present moment – that exactly matches the final approval and the imminent release of the manual – is the worst moment in his multi-decennial activity of study, teaching and clinical research in psychiatry: he encourages patients, physicians, media and naturally psychiatrists to refuse credit to a publication that, in his opinion, has no scientific credibility and that could lead to many and very serious diagnostic mistakes, extremely dangerous for patients due to completely useless prescriptions for drugs. These new diagnoses in psychiatry could well be more dangerous than the medicines, because they deeply affect the circumstance that millions of people could be prescribed psychotropic drugs often by general practitioners and after a very short interview. The introduction of new diagnoses should be done with the same attention that is dedicated to the patients’ health when introducing on the market new drugs. All the new diagnostic categories introduced in the DSMV – from those regarding alimentary abuse (basically everyone who loves eating and good food could be diagnosed with Binge Eating Disorder), to addictions (millions of youths could be diagnosed with Internet Use Gaming Disorder), to autism spectrum (Autism Spectrum Disorder, in which from now on will be included the Asperger Syndrome, that used to be a separate and autonomous diagnosis) – extend the limits of pathology by the tendency to codify many symptoms that are dangerously close to “normality”. There are many other extremely controversial aspects in the DSMV, like the adoption of the definition “Pedophilic Disorder”. The word “disorder” can not, in any case, give a correct idea of the seriousness of this pathology, that in this new edition is considered in such a manner only when the sexual fantasies and impulses create a sense of clinically significant “discomfort” (sic!) or the impairment of working or social activity, as it was already stated in the DSMIV. This definition has a very important consequence: only those who perceive a sense of “discomfort”, a sense of guilt, that is, could be diagnosed as pedophiles, while those with a much more serious illness, those that are completely unemotional could be considered normal because they do not feel any guilt or discomfort, because they maintain an equilibrium. This tendency to identify “normal” and “unemotional” can be found also in the decision – that could also appear in the DSMV, unless last minute changes are adopted – of confusing the pain caused by the loss of someone close, with a clinical depression. Grief excluded depression in the DSMIV, while in the new edition these two situation could coincide. Regardless of the final conclusion of this controversy, that has risen due to many protests from many columnists and important scientific publications, it clearly speaks well about the ideological foundation of American psychiatrists, that consider schizoids, those that are completely unemotional, as perfectly normal and balanced people. The repercussions of this conception are important: every year 2,5 millions of people in the United Stated die, leaving many more people, relatives and friends, in a state of sorrow and grief; if this condition goes on for more than two weeks, these people could easily be diagnosed, especially by general practitioners, a depression – this with great satisfaction, economical also, for pharmaceutical industries. In everyday’s medical practice the false positives of depression diagnoses after a loss, cause absurd situations and clearly show, just by common sense, an admission of complete incompetence.

American psychiatry is absolutely unable to face extremely serious psychotic situations such as Adam Lanza’s mass murdering: in this case schizophrenia hasn’t been diagnosed and aptly treated. A normal and physiological state of grief is considered pathologic and a clear psychotic state isn’t detected. The so called “mass shooting” has become almost epidemic, a sort of unconsciously repeated dramatization of the idea of a violent and hyper rational society (62.000 deaths in just a few years by firearms) that historically has been erected on racism and systematic extermination of native populations. The same war ideology that makes the United States so present in many unfair and useless conflicts, is the origin of a psychiatric emergency in the armed forces: 295 soldiers took their lives just in 2012. The only given response to this dramatic situation is a manual that’s been created with the aim of reinforcing the academic status quo, that is very far from real life and whose main interest is to obtain an economic profit for pharmaceutical sector. According to Frances the motivations that lead to the new edition of the DSM aren’t just of economic nature, tied to a very simple conflict of interests among various researchers paid by different pharmaceutical industries; this conflict, for the scientist, is a lot more of “intellectual” nature: these highly specialized researchers have the natural tendency to value their personal guidelines and ideas, to expand their sectors of study regardless of the practical clinical consequences for the unfortunate patients. It must not be underestimated that A.P.A. invested 25 millions in DSMV, and given that the previous edition has been a worldwide bestseller, a similar result is expected for this new edition as well, not only in terms of profits from the sells, but also in terms of increased popularity and prestige for the researchers – popularity and prestige that can be cashed in on as well. Even if Professor Frances’ critiques appear to be somehow well motivated, they do not decrease his personal responsibility in this announced disaster.

He has been, indeed, the first creator of DSMIV, starting what now appears to be a true psychiatric apocalypse: it must be remembered that the 1994 edition of the manual was labeled as “trash science” in an international survey of experts carried on in England in 2001, as well as being voted as one of the ten worse psychiatric publications of the millennium. It’s false, therefore, to say that there’s a substantial difference between DSMIII and IV, because in the latter, already, it was introduced a clear loss of effectiveness of the diagnosis in favor of its reliability: a group of psychiatrists finds an agreement on a series of atypical behaviours and on the fact that they found a mental disease. The creation of new categories becomes, therefore, a sort of cultural and intellectual game completely devoid of any scientific validity despite its – supposed – reliability that comes from the simple fact of being shared by a large number of experts: this procedure, applied to the real world of clinical practice is a fraud tout court. As it shows, not only Allen J. Frances appears be to be unreliable when not only declaring his non-theoreticism, but also when claiming to have overcome the confusion of diagnoses that ruled psychiatry before the DSMIV; a confusion largely due to the massive presence of Freudian psychoanalysis in America. There’s a precise historical and ideological continuity between the Freudian fraud – submitting patients to analysis without wanting and without being able to be a cure – and DSM in its various versions – proposing diagnostic criteria based on pseudo-scientific assumptions, as those regarding the affirmed genetic nature of schizophrenia, just as an example, very useful to be paid by medical insurances.

Just as Freudians considered all human beings as potential carriers of mental illness, for the fact that in everyone there would be a naturally perverse subconscious and a schizophrenic ideation as the one in dreams; so the A.P.A. now with DSMV sees in normality a state of potential illness: for the psychoanalysis, mental illness, omnipresent in every human being, was latent in the subconscious; at present moment, on the other hand, mental illness is found in the conscious and in the behaviour of so-called normal people that, for example, have the misfortune of losing a relative, therefore getting trapped in the knots of the diagnostic categories of DSM. Personally I will comply with Allen J. Frances advices: I will boycott in every possible way the DSMV, adding that I’ve done exactly the same with III and IV. Just as I did not believe to Mayas’ prophecy about the end of the world, so I don’t believe that the failure of DSMV is a particularly meaningful event in the history of contemporary psychiatry, despite all the hype in the mass media. According to my experience and formation, the true game regarding the future of psychiatry is played on another field: in my professional practice I will keep on using the classification of illnesses that was already present from the start of 20th century in the great theoretical production of the psychopathologists, with the likes of Jaspers, Eugen Bleuler, Minkowsky, Kurt Schneider, Barison.

To my advice, only the critical revision of those diagnostic categories with a psychopathologic derivation, carried on for more than sixty years by Massimo Fagioli, allows us to correctly identify and focus the nature of the pathogenetic processes that we have to face in the practice of psychotherapy. Fagioli’s “Teoria della Nascita” (“Birth Theory”) completely transformed all traditional theoretical views regarding the genesis of mental illness. Starting with Esquirol, throughout 19th and 20th centuries to the present (the last example being Rita Levi Montalcini), it’s been thought that mental illness is tied to a rationality deficit and to a diminished ability to draw together by the conscience. Regression, therefore, would set the subconscious automatisms free, taking into light an irrational ideation that was considered naturally psychotic. Today, though, we know that the generating nucleus of the illness does not reside in conscience, but in a specific unconscious activity, the “Pulsione di Annullamento” (“Annulment Drive”), that was historically discovered by Fagioli: the “Pulsione di Annullamento” is not a natural characteristic with which each human being was born; to the contrary, it derives from a failure in the relations with other human beings. Originally the “Pulsione di Annullamento” comes from an inadequacy in the relation between mother and child: this inadequacy – no matter how we conceive it – affects the child’s vitality right from birth. Only by identifying the generating nucleus responsible for the specific form that mental illness takes, we can get also what is not immediately visible and understandable by the conscience, thus formulating diagnoses that are not only reliable, but also motivated and true. Many other internationally known researchers, such as American Louis A. Sass and Joseph Parnas from Copenhagen University, share this same view, although in a different theoretical reference frame; according to Parnas, only by improving our psychopathologic knowledge, we can fight the reification of the diagnostic categories that is carried on in the various editions of the DSM, the Bible of American psychiatry.

Domenico Fargnoli, psychiatrist

Translation: Dr. Lorenzo Frusteri

Italian version

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cosa c’è dietro la strage degli innocenti di domenico fargnoli
  • di domenico fargnoli

    Cosa c’è dietro la strage degli innocenti

    Quella del killer della Sandy Hook è l’imitazione manierata di un militare dei corpi speciali. Le vittime, nel suo delirio, “viste” come bersagli inanimati [Domenico Fargnoli]
    Domenico Fargnoli*
    domenica 16 dicembre 2012 17:29
    Matteo di Giovanni, Strage degli Innocenti, pavimento del Duomo di Siena

    Matteo di Giovanni, Strage degli Innocenti, pavimento del Duomo di Siena

    Adam Lanza, il ventenne americano che venerdì scorso, nel Connecticut, ha ucciso 26 persone fra cui 20 bambini di età compresa fra cinque e dieci anni, per poi suicidarsi, appartiene alla categoria di omicidi che i criminologi in epoca recente hanno denominato “Pseudocommando”. Di essa fanno parte soggetti che equipaggiati con armi da guerra e giubbotti antiproiettile, come se appartenessero a truppe d’elite, assaltano e uccidono a caso e in un breve lasso di tempo un gran numero di persone inermi. Negli Stati Uniti, nel 2012, quasi ogni mese si è verificato un episodio in cui moltissime persone, per lo più giovani e studenti, hanno perso la vita per l’azione imprevedibile di individui di cui nessuno sospettava la pericolosità. Ciò che colpisce è la ripetizione, in tali delitti, del copione del gesto eroico, alla Rambo, dell’omicida suicida: un uomo solo spara contro un gruppo, una massa anonima per motivi che appaiono incomprensibili alla comunità. Il primo interrogativo è: come può la mostruosità della strage balzare fuori dalla sonnacchiosa normalità della vita di provincia americana? Forse solo apparentemente era “normale” la madre di Lanza, la prima vittima sfigurata con un colpo al volto, quando pur dedicando la sua vita ai bambini, coltivava la passione delle armi da guerra con cui si esercitava regolarmente con i figli al poligono. Forse non è normale per nessuno trovare divertente o compiacersi del possesso di un moderno fucile d’assalto come quello sottratto dal giovane alla madre, pensato e progettato per seminare la morte.

    Un mitragliatore non è una semplice arma di difesa personale che è legittimo detenere in base al secondo emendamento americano, ma è un oggetto concepito per compiere una strage, per determinare il rapido annientamento di una moltitudine di eventuali assalitori. Se alla fine del settecento era una necessità reagire contro l’esercito spagnolo e inglese, nel territorio statunitense oggi non è in corso nessuna operazione bellica. La legalità della detenzione di armi e di armi da guerra in particolare è pertanto immotivata sia dal punto di vista della società in generale che dell’individuo. Si può ipotizzare che dietro il comportamento socialmente e legalmente ineccepibile della madre dell’omicida e la sua “normale” passione per pistole e fucili si sarebbero potute celare fantasticherie megalomaniache e persecutorie, più o meno coscienti. Nella relazione profondamente malata con il figlio, non provvisto di una identità solida e definita, stando ai racconti di chi lo conosceva, esse avrebbero potuto contribuire a innescare in lui l’idea della strage. Bisogna mettere in evidenza il fatto che il cosiddetto “Pseudocommando mass murderer” fa solo l’imitazione manierata di un militare dei corpi speciali (vedi anche a questo proposito il caso del norvegese Anders Breivik) perché i soggetti colpiti del tutto incapaci di difendersi non sono terroristi o sequestratori armati e pericolosi. Le vittime inoltre vengono completamente disumanizzate nel delirio: Adam Lanza ha sparato sui bambini “vedendoli” come se fossero i bersagli inanimati del poligono di tiro.

    Nell’esecuzione fredda e calcolata di una strage così efferata nessun dimensione emotiva può entrare in gioco: se un qualunque “affetto” fosse presente, consentirebbe un riconoscimento dell’altro come essere umano e bloccherebbe la mano dell’assalitore. La vera motivazione del mass murderer è pertanto da cercare nella realizzazione di una totale anaffettività e disumanizzazione che sfocia prima nell’annullamento e poi nell’annientamento fisico di un gruppo di individui e di se stesso. Alla massa per lui amorfa ed indistinta, l’omicida si contrappone come un assolutamente altro, un “Anders”, che con un atto estremo di violenza distruttiva ratifica il proprio totale fallimento umano. La ritualità manierata degli omicidi eseguiti con una vestizione e un armamentario particolare, l’anaffettività che fa percepire all’assassino le vittime come entità non umane, la presenza del delirio implicita nella progettazione della strage esclude sia motivazioni immediatamente comprensibili che “l’impeto passionale” di gelosia evocato da Vittorino Andreoli nel Corriere della Sera. L’idea di un impulso omicida irresistibile dovuto a uno stato emotivo abnorme ricorda la “monomania omicida” di Esquirol e Georget nei primi decenni dell’Ottocento che è stata ampiamente superata e criticata dalla psichiatria attuale. Anche l’altra affermazione dello psichiatra veronese secondo cui il giovane statunitense avrebbe uno sviluppo mentale di un bambino di quattro anni è molto discutibile: da quando in qua i bambini dell’asilo fantasticano omicidi di massa? Le considerazioni precedentemente esposte fanno propendere la diagnosi dello psichiatra, per ciò che riguarda il ventenne americano, per una forma di schizofrenia.

    A proposito del caso Breivik che si discosta da Adam Lanza per l’assenza di una vera intenzionalità suicidaria e per la presenza di una motivazione pseudoterroristica, ecco cosa scrive sul settimanaleleft lo psichiatra Massimo Fagioli: «Udii, un anno fa, l’assassino freddo dei 77 ragazzi di Utoya. Reagii scrivendo deciso: schizofrenia paranoidea ma, forse, ebbi nelle parole un po’ di razionalità perché.il freddo sentito era invisibile. Fu detto: pazzo criminale.
 Ora le parole che vengono sono: “Ho ucciso settantasette formiche; chiedo perdono ai fobici per non averne uccise di più”. Ero disturbato dai loro morsi che sembravano punture di spillo.
Forse so interpretare ciò che ho scritto. Scrivere togliendo al parlare ogni realtà di rapporto interumano. 77 ragazzi, 77 formiche. Viene pensato uguale, come se fosse uguale». Nell’agosto del 2012 sempre sulla sua rubrica settimanale “Trasformazione”, Fagioli ha parlato a proposito del ragazzo di Denver che aveva ucciso senza motivo 12 persone in un cinema, di stolidità e di schizofrenia semplice. Del ventenne del Connecticut sappiamo molto poco: da ciò che trapela dai media americani e italiani sembra fosse ritenuto affetto da una sindrome di Asperger, con problemi importanti nella socializzazione, e da una personalità schizoide. Ora la diagnosi di sindrome di Asperger è quanto mai fumosa e controversa tanto che si parla del fatto che nel nuovo DSM V (in uscita nel 2013) essa non sarà più presente, con tutti le controversie assicurative che ciò comporterà, per una totale revisione che verrà effettuata nel nuovo manuale diagnostico del concetto di autismo. Inoltre non esiste una letteratura che propenda a favore di una correlazione certa, come hanno fatto notare le associazioni di familiari dei malati mobilitatisi in questi giorni sulla stampa, fra le varie forme di autismo, comunque lo si voglia definire e l’acting out violento.

    Per quello che riguarda la diagnosi di personalità schizoide sappiamo che in essa oggi viene inclusa quella che Eugen Bleuler, a partire dal 1913, denominava “schizofrenia simplex” in cui non si hanno deliri o allucinazioni o altri sintomi accessori. La personalità schizoide, secondo Kurt Schneider, è una struttura della personalità caratterizzata da una povertà dei legami affettivi. Essa resta per lo più invariata nel tempo, mentre la schizofrenia semplice è un vero e proprio quadro psicotico che può rimanere allo stato latente come può anche evolvere verso le altre forme di schizofrenia e, anche se in un numero limitato di casi, sfociare in condotte violente. Adam Lanza sicuramente è andato incontro a un improvviso peggioramento del suo quadro psicopatologico con un esito catastrofico come avviene nella schizofrenia. In assenza di una diagnosi corretta e motivata e di un intervento psichiatrico adeguato il giovane è stato lasciato a se stesso e al rapporto con la madre sicuramente molto patologico in una pressoché totale assenza del padre, risposatosi dopo la separazione nel 2008, e del fratello Ryan che viveva da tempo lontano da casa. Da questa tragica e dolorosissima vicenda, soprattutto per le famiglie dei bambini e delle persone uccise, emerge la responsabilità ovvia della lobby delle armi che specula sulla paranoia delle cosiddette persone normali, ma anche della psichiatria americana che ancora una volta appare del tutto inadeguata, con le sue categorie diagnostiche e con i suoi interventi farmacologici finalizzati soprattutto al lucro delle case farmaceutiche, ad affrontare l’inquietante problema della malattia mentale.

    Domenico Fargnoli, psichiatra e psicoterapeuta

  • Monday 17 December 2012

    Connecticut school shooting: Adam Lanza’s mother was preparing for disaster

    The mother of the gunman who killed 20 children and seven adults in America’s worst school massacre, was a gun-proud “survivalist” preparing for economic collapse, it has emerged.

    Connecticut school shooting: Adam Lanza's mother was preparing for disaster

    A police officer wipes her eyes, Adam Lanza and his victims

    By , Connecticut and Peter Foster in Washington

    9:45PM GMT 16 Dec 2012

    Nancy Lanza, whose gun collection was raided by her son Adam for Friday’s massacre at Sandy Hook school, was part of the “prepper” movement, which urges readiness for social chaos by hoarding supplies and training with weapons.

    “She prepared for the worst,” her sister-in-law Marsha Lanza told reporters. “Last time we visited her in person, we talked about prepping – are you ready for what could happen down the line, when the economy collapses?”

    It also emerged that Mrs Lanza had spoken of her fears less than a week before the attack that she was “losing” her son. “She said it was getting worse. She was having trouble reaching him,” said a friend of Mrs Lanza who did not want to be named.

    Adam Lanza, third from the right, posing for a group photo of the technology club which appeared in the Newtown High School yearbook

    Police disclosed that the 52-year-old had five legally registered guns – at least three of which her 20-year-old son carried with him. Most victims were shot with an assault rifle, while Lanza also carried two handguns and left a shotgun in his car.

    President Barack Obama was in Connecticut to comfort families of the victims, amid mounting pressure for political action in Washington on gun control.

    Democrats are preparing to introduce a new bill to ban assault rifles, but the difficulty of achieving any consensus was well illustrated after one Republican congressman said staff at the school should have been armed to protect themselves.

    Fresh details emerged of the massacre which has caused shock across America as well as internationally.


    Nancy Lanza, who was killed by her son with her own gun (Reuters)

    Lanza was reported to have wiped out one complete class of six and seven-year-olds along with their teacher. Dr H Wayne Carver, Connecticut’s chief medical examiner, said the injuries were the worst he had seen in his career with some of the children shot 11 times.

    One of the victims, six-year-old Dylan Hockley, was the British-born son of a couple who moved their family to Connecticut from Hampshire two years ago.

    His mother, Nicole, had described the area as “a wonderful place to live”, with “incredible” neighbours and “amazing” schools”.

    Dannel Malloy, the Connecticut governor, said the death toll might have been much greater and Lanza may have planned to kill even more.

    “We surmise that… he heard responders coming and apparently at that, decided to take his own life,” Mr Malloy said.

    Candlelit vigils were held over the weekend for the victims.

    One was for Victoria Soto, a 27-year-old teacher who was killed after telling Lanza the children were in another room, allowing some of the children to escape. “She was selfless – selfless,” Jessica Zrallack, a former schoolmate, told The Daily Telegraph.

    Newtown’s residents were forced to endure fresh anguish yesterday, when a Roman Catholic church that has become a centre of support for the grieving, was evacuated following a telephoned-in security threat. St Rose of Lima was later given the all-clear.

    Mr Obama was in the town last night in order to comfort the families of those killed and speak at an interfaith vigil.

    The president, who failed to deliver on a 2008 election promise to reinstate an assault weapons ban, is now under mounting pressure from within his own party to throw his political weight behind new laws.

    (Top row from left) Charlotte Bacon, Daniel Barden, Olivia Engel, Josephine Gay, Ana Marquez-Green. (Middle row from left) Dylan Hockley, Catherine Hubbard, Chase Kowalski, Jesse Lewis, James Mattioli. (Bottom row from left) Grace McDonnell, Emilie Parker, Noah Pozner, Caroline Previdi, Jessica Rekos

    Despite the outpouring of national grief, the Bill is likely to be highly divisive; Congress has not passed significant gun legislation for almost 20 years, amid partisan gridlock.

    A poll by CNN in August found that 57 per cent of Americans favour a ban on semi-automatic assault weapons, while 60 per cent favour outlawing high-capacity ammunition clips.

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